FTC regulated: No

Valid reasons for FTC use: no limitation

Remarks

The Labour Act does not refer to any specific legal regime for the use of fixed-term contracts.
Only temporary and casual employment are regulated by special provisions (art. 73 to 78 LA)

(Note: Art. 78: "temporary worker" means a worker who is employed for a continuous period of not less than one month and is not a permanent worker or employed for a work that is seasonal in character; "casual worker" means a worker engaged on a work which is seasonal or intermittent and not for a continuous period of more than 6 months and whose remuneration is calculated on a daily basis".)

Maximum number of successive FTCs: no limitation

Remarks

No statutory limitation found in the legislation reviewed.

Maximum cumulative duration of successive FTCs: no limitation

Remarks

No statutory limitation found in the legislation reviewed.

Notes / Remarks

Notes

The Labour Act does not refer to any specific legal regime for the use of fixed-term contract.
Only temporary and casual workers are regulated by special provisions (art. 73 to 78 LA)

Maximum probationary (trial) period (in months):

Remarks

No statutory maximum duration. The Labour Act refers to a "reasonable duration". Probationary period is generally provided in collective agreement

*Art. 66 LA refers to workers serving a probation or qualifying period of employment of reasonable duration determined in advance.
*Art. 98 d) LA : A collective agreement may include provisions on the period of probation and conditions on probation.

Obligation to provide reasons to the employee No

Remarks

No legal provision requiring justification to the employee.
See however art. 63 (4) a) LA:
"A termination may be unfair if the employer fails to prove that the reason for the termination is fair".

Valid grounds (justified dismissal): worker's conduct, worker's capacity, economic reasons

Remarks

Art. 62 LC: "A termination of a worker¿s employment is fair if the contract of employment is terminated by the employer on any of the following grounds:
(a) that the worker is incompetent or lacks the qualification in relation to the work for which the worker is employed;
(b) the proven misconduct of the worker;
(c) redundancy under section 65;
(d) due to legal restriction imposed on the worker prohibiting the worker from performing the work for which he or she is employed".

Prohibited grounds: pregnancy, maternity leave, filing a complaint against the employer, temporary work injury or illness, race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, social origin, trade union membership and activities, disability, financial status, ethnic origin

Remarks

Art. 63 LA.

Workers enjoying special protection:

Notification to the worker to be dismissed: written

Remarks

Art. 17(3) LA: Notice of termination must be in writing.

Notice period:

Remarks

Art. 17 (1), (2) LA:
* The notice period varies according to the length of the contract as follows:
- 1 month's notice (or pay in lieu of notice) in the case of a contract of 3 years or more;
- 2 weeks' notice (or pay in lieu of notice) in the case of a contract of less than 3 years;
- 7 days' notice (or pay in lieu of notice) in the case of a contract from week to week.
* A contract of employment determinable at the will of the party may be terminated at the close of anyday without notice.

tenure ≥ 6 months:

  • All: 2 week(s).

tenure ≥ 9 months:

  • All: 2 week(s).

tenure ≥ 2 years:

  • All: 2 week(s).

tenure ≥ 4 years:

  • All: 1 month(s).

tenure ≥ 5 years:

  • All: 1 month(s).

tenure ≥ 10 years:

  • All: 1 month(s).

tenure ≥ 20 years:

  • All: 1 month(s).

Pay in lieu of notice: Yes

Remarks

Art. 17 (1) and 18 (4) LA.

Notification to the public administration: No

Notification to workers' representatives: No

Approval by public administration or judicial bodies: No

Approval by workers' representatives: No

Definition of collective dismissal (number of employees concerned): No legal definition. The LA refers to "the introduction of major changes in production, programme, organization, structure or technology of an undertaking that are likely to entail terminations of employment of workers in the undertaking".

Remarks

Art. 65 LA. No reference to any number of employees concerned.

Prior consultations with trade unions (workers' representatives): Yes

Remarks

Art. 65 (1) b) LA.

Notification to the public administration: Yes

Remarks

Art. 65 (1) a) LA: 3 months in advance.

Notification to workers' representatives: Yes

Remarks

Art. 65 (1) b) LA.

Approval by public administration or judicial bodies: No

Approval by workers' representatives: No

Priority rules for collective dismissals (social considerations, age, job tenure): No

Employer's obligation to consider alternatives to dismissal (transfers, retraining...): Yes

Remarks

Art. 65 (1) b) LA: measures aiming at averting dismissals and mitigating their adverse effects such as finding alternative employment must be examined during consultation with the trade union.

Priority rules for re-employment: No

Notes / Remarks

Notes

1) Individual dismissals (not based on economic reasons): no severance pay.
2) Economic dismissals: redundancy payment subject to negotiation between the employer and the worker or the trade union concerned. (Art. 65 (4) LA)

Compensation for unfair dismissal - free determination by court: Yes

Remarks

Art. 64 (2) c) LA.

Reinstatement available: Yes

Remarks

Art. 64 (2) a) LA.

Preliminary mandatory conciliation: No

Competent court(s) / tribunal(s): labour court

Remarks

Art. 64 LA.
The competent body is the National Labour Commission. It shall exercise adjudicating and dispute settement functions in complete independence (art. 138 LA). Moreover, in settling an industrial dispute, the Commission shall have the same enforcing powers as the High Court and enjoy the same priviledges and immunities in regard to its proceedings (art. 139 LA).

Existing arbitration: Yes

Remarks

Mediation: art. 154 LA.
Arbitration: art. 157 LA.

% of dismissals out of the total number of disputes: 51.7

Remarks

Figure for the year 2008.
This figure includes:
- Summary dismissals (21.2%)
- Unfair terminations (23.9%)
- Redundancy/lay-Off/ Severance pay (6.6%)

Source: Annual Report of the National Labour Commission for the year 2008