In 2010, as a result of the constitutional reform, the legal status of the Labour Code (2006) was changed and the Labour Code became the Organic Law of Georgia.<br/>On 3 May 2019, amendments were introduced to the Labour Code related to anti-discrimination measures.

Article 1 of the Labour Code (LC).

Note: The LC provides an exception from the general restrictions on using FTCs for a maximum cumulative duration of 30 months for start-up companies, until a 48 months period has expired from the state registration (see below).

Article 1 of the LC "Scope of Application"
1. This Labor Code regulates labour and subsequent relations on the territory of Georgia that are not otherwise regulated by an international agreement of Georgia or a special law.
2. The issues related to labor relations, that are not regulated by this Code or other special law, shall be regulated by the norms of the Civil Code.
3. The labor agreement can not be defined by the norms differentiated by this Law which worsen the condition of the employee.

Article 6 – Conclusion of labour agreements
1. A labour agreement shall be oral or written, fixed-term or open-ended.

Article 6 LC:
Except if the FTC is concluded for one year or more, the FTC can be used only for the following reasons: a) work of specific volume has to be fulfilled; b) seasonal work has to be fulfilled; c) the volume of work increases temporarily; d) an employee who is temporarily absent from work is replaced on the basis of a suspension of labour relations; e) there is any other objective circumstance justifying the execution of the agreement for a definite period.

According to Article 6, 1 (3):
If a labour agreement has been concluded for more than 30 months, or if labour relations have continued on the basis of concluding fixed-term labour agreements for two or more consecutive times and the duration of the above labour relations exceeds 30 months, an open-ended labour agreement shall be deemed to have been concluded.

In this sense, there is no limitation for renewals since the total lenght of the contract does not exceed 30 months.

According to Article 6, 1 (3) LC:
If a labour agreement has been concluded for more than 30 months, or if labour relations have continued on the basis of concluding fixed-term labour agreements for two or more consecutive times and the duration of the above labour relations exceeds 30 months, an open-ended labour agreement shall be deemed to have been concluded.

The LC provides an exception from the general restrictions on using FTCs for so-called start-up companies until a 48 months period has expired from the state registration:
The exception is provided by the Article 6, 1 (4) LC: the restrictions imposed under this article on concluding fixed term labour agreements shall not apply to business entities under Article 2(1) of the Law of Georgia on Entrepreneurs if 48 months have not elapsed since their public registration (start-up enterprises) and if they meet the additional conditions (if any), as defined by the Government of Georgia on the condition that the duration of a fixed term labour agreement may not be shorter than three months for the purposes of this paragraph.

However, this exception related to start-up companies shall not apply to a business entity established as a result of reorganization or based on the transfer of assets under the ownership or possession of another entrepreneurial entity or based on a fraudulent transaction (Article 6.15 LC).

Art. 9 Labour Code:
1. A labour agreement with an employee may be concluded only once for a trial period of no more than six months. A labour agreement for a trial period shall be concluded only in writing.
2. The work during a trial period shall be payable. The amount of payment and the payment procedure shall be determined by the agreement of the parties.
3. An employer may, at any time during the trial period, conclude a labour agreement with the employee or terminate the labour agreement for a trial period.

Following May 2019 amendments, Article 2(3) LC provides for an open-ended list of prohibited grounds. It provides that “any and all discrimination in a labour and/or pre-contractual relations, including during publication of the vacancy announcement and selection process, due to race, skin colour, language, ethnic or social belonging, nationality, origin, material status or title, place of residence, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, handicap, religious, social, political or other affiliation, including affiliation to trade unions, political or other opinions or on any other grounds shall be prohibited.”

Article 36 establishes the situations in which employment contract can be suspended:
a) a strike;
b) a lockout;
c) exercising active and/or passive suffrage;
d) appearance before an investigative, prosecuting, or judicial body in the cases provided for by the procedural legislation of Georgia;
e) call to compulsory military service;
f) call to military reserve service;
g) maternity and child care leave, a new-born adoption leave of absence, or a child care additional leave of absence;
h) placing a victim of violence against women and/or domestic violence in a shelter and/or a crisis centre for a maximum of 30 calendar days annually, if he/she is unable to discharge his/her official duties anymore;
i) temporary disability, unless the disability period exceeds 40 consecutive calendar days, or the total disability period exceeds 60 calendar days in six months;
j) qualification upgrading, professional training, or education not exceeding 30 calendar days annually;
k) unpaid leave of absence;
l) paid leave of absence.


Article 37 (3) Terminating labour relations shall be inadmissible:

a) on the grounds other than those laid down in paragraph 1 of this article;
b) on discrimination grounds under Article 2 of this Law;
c) during the period under Article 36(2)(g) of this Law from notification to the employer from a female employee about her pregnancy, except for the grounds under paragraph (1)(b-e, g, h, j, l) of this article;
d) due to an employee being called to compulsory military service or military reserve service and/or during an employee’s period of compulsory military service or military reserve service, except for the grounds under paragraph(1)(b-e, g, h, j, l) of this article;
e) during the period of being a jury in court, except for the grounds under paragraph (1)(b-e, g, h, j, l) of this article.

Article 38(1) LC: When terminating a labour agreement on any of the grounds under Article 37(1)(a, f, i, n) of this Law, employers shall be obliged to notify employees about it in writing at least 30 calendar days in advance. (...)
The LC requires that notification shall be made in written form where an employee is dismissed based on: i) economic circumstances, technological, or organizational changes making it necessary to reduce workforce; ii) incapacity of an employee to occupy his/her position due to lack of qualification, professional skills and experience; iii) employee’s long-term disability; iv) other objective circumstances justifying termination of the employment contact.

Article 38 (1) LC: When terminating a labour agreement on any of the grounds under Article 37(1)(a, f, i, n) of this Law, employers shall be obliged to notify employees about it in writing at least 30 calendar days in advance. Besides, employees shall be granted a severance pay in the amount of at least one month’s salary within 30 calendar days after terminating the labour agreement. (...)
Alternatively, Article 38 (2) LC provides that when terminating a labour agreement on any of the grounds under Article 37(1)(a, f, i, n) of this Law, employers may notify employees about it in writing at least three calendar days in advance. In this case, employees shall be granted a severance pay in the amount of at least two months’ salary within 30 calendar days after terminating the labour agreement.

Art. 38.1 LC

Article 38 (1) LC: When terminating a labour agreement on any of the grounds under Article 37(1)(a, f, i, n) of this Law, employers shall be obliged to notify employees about it in writing at least 30 calendar days in advance. Besides, employees shall be granted a severance pay in the amount of at least one month’s salary within 30 calendar days after terminating the labour agreement. (...)
Alternatively, Article 38 (2) LC provides that when terminating a labour agreement on any of the grounds under Article 37(1)(a, f, i, n) of this Law, employers may notify employees about it in writing at least three calendar days in advance. In this case, employees shall be granted a severance pay in the amount of at least two months’ salary within 30 calendar days after terminating the labour agreement.

No specific redundancy payment - See severance pay.

Art. 38.8 LC states that if the court voids the employeru2019s decision for termination of the labour agreement, under the courtu2019s decision, the employer shall restore the person, whose labour agreement was terminated, to his/her original job or provide the person with an equal job or pay such a person the compensation in the amount fixed by the court.

Art. 38.8 LC states that If the court voids the employeru2019s decision for termination of the labour agreement, under the courtu2019s decision, the employer shall restore the person, whose labour agreement was terminated, to his/her original job or provide the person with an equal job or pay such a person the compensation in the amount fixed by the court..

Art. 48(6) of the Labour Code: An individual dispute may be settled through conciliatory procedures and individual negotiations as well as through a court.

Ordinary courts have jurisdiction over individual labour disputes.

Article 481 u2013 Review and resolution of collective disputes

1. A collective dispute (dispute between an employer and a group of employees or an employer and an employeesu2019 association) must be resolved under conciliation procedures between the parties. This implies direct negotiations between an employer and a group of employees (at least 20 employees) or an employer and an employeesu2019 association, or mediation, if one of the parties has sent a written notification to the Minister of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Labour, Health, and Social Affairs of Georgia (u2018the Ministeru2019).
2. A party shall notify the other party in writing about initiating conciliation procedures. The notification must specify the reason for arising the dispute and claims of the party.
3. For reaching agreement at any stage of negotiations, a party may apply to the Minister in writing for appointing a dispute mediator for initiating mediation. The written notification shall be delivered to the other party to the dispute on the same day.
4. Based on the received written notification under paragraph 3 of this article, the Minister shall appoint a dispute mediator according to the procedure for reviewing and resolving collective disputes under conciliation procedures approved by a normative act of the Government of Georgia. In the case of high public interest, the Minister may appoint a dispute mediator at any stage of the dispute without written application of a party. The fact of appointment shall be notified in writing to the parties involved.
5. The Minister may make a decision at any stage of the dispute to terminate conciliation procedures.
6. Parties shall be obliged to participate in conciliation procedures and attend meetings held by the dispute mediator for that purpose.
7. If the Minister so requests, the dispute mediator shall be obliged to send him/her a report on the dispute.
8. Parties may agree at any stage of a dispute to refer the dispute to arbitration.
9. A dispute mediator shall be obliged not to disclose the information or the document he/she becomes aware of as a dispute mediator.

The Labour Code contains no provision on the burden of proof in general. There a few provisions on specific situations.
Article 38 (7) LC provides that if an employer fails to provide a written substantiation of the grounds for terminating a labour agreement within seven calendar days after an employee submits the request, the employee may appeal in court against the employeru2019s decision on terminating the labour agreement within 30 calendar days. In this case, the burden of proof for determining facts of the dispute shall lie on the employer.

Moreover, Article 48 LC establishes that an individual labour dispute might be solved through conciliation. In that case, paragraph 6 provides that If a party avoided participating in the conciliation procedures within 14 calendar days after receiving the written notification under paragraph 2 of this article, the burden of proof for determining the facts of the dispute shall lie on that party.

Cases related to prohibition of discrimination and termination of employment of employees members of employees associations, Article 40 (3) LC provides that the burden of proof (...) shall lie on the employer, if the employees alleges circumstances providing a reasonable cause to believe that employers acted in breach of the requirement(s) of paragraph (1)(b) of this article and/or Article 37(3)(b) of this Law.

Note, however, that the court practice established a uniform case-law approach according to which in all dismissal matters, the burden of proof to justify the validity of termination shall always be placed on the employer.